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Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Abstract

One of the challenges of laser thermal therapy is to balance treatment effectiveness with the protection of healthy tissues from unintentional thermal damage. The aim of this study is to regulate the laser thermal dose with high accuracy using commercially available microcontrollers through the design and implementation of a low-cost closed-loop control system. The proposed system uses an adaptive control algorithm (PID) to adjust the laser power in real time, supported by a safety mechanism that calculates the equivalent cumulative minutes (CEM43) to prevent tissue charring. A binary verification methodology was adopted to assess the system's reliability, in which a mathematical model of the tissue's thermodynamics was developed in MATLAB/Simulink and compared with an actual electronic implementation of the circuit in Proteus. The experimental results showed strong agreement between the theoretical simulation and practical application: the system reached the target thermal equilibrium with a very small margin between the tissue layers (less than 0.015 degrees Celsius), and the energy deviation ratio did not exceed 4.47% under maximum load conditions. The safety tests also proved the system's ability to respond to thermal hazards in record time (less than 1.7 seconds) and activate the emergency shutdown with full success. This study shows that safe, high-efficiency therapeutic laser devices can be built from affordable electronic components while still meeting medical accuracy standards.

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